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What we know and what we need to know about Peruvian birds?

Irma Franke

What birds live in the Peruvian territory?

The answer to this question has been accumulating since the beginning of exploration by naturalists and ornithologists in Peru, both strangers in a first stage, as Peruvians then and now a large set of individuals, professionals and amateurs great preparation that constantly roam the Peruvian territory.

In this long period, which started in the Century XVIII, is known as the stage of historical exploration of biodiversity. The main results have resulted in new species descriptions and inventories of the species present in a significant number of locations.

As a result of these activities we know about 1800 species of birds that occur in Peru. This number of species varies according to different authors. These variations are mainly due to the constant revision of the systematics and classification of birds and acceptance or disqualification of records obtained in our territory by observation or not properly documented.

know all the birds of Peru? Certainly the answer is no. Peru is a country where the exploration of biodiversity can not be considered historical. There are still many areas that represent gaps. True, we can not think of devoting the resources and extensive efforts to explore these areas with unknown or known as shallow as in the past. However, as part of the work of ornithologists and serious amateurs, this knowledge that will increase to complete the national inventory of birds. Probably never be a totally complete, because the dynamic nature of nature, climate change and the quality and extent habitats due to both natural causes as human intervention, there will be new records of species and species disappear from our territory.


Where each species of bird live? What is their distribution in the Peruvian territory?

knowledge of the distribution of bird species in the Peruvian territory was accumulating in parallel with the progress of the exploration of biodiversity. In the beginning these skills were quite uncertain, mainly due to the low accuracy of the location of the locations of the records. In the specimens from the early expeditions, the indication of "Peru" the label of a specimen was a sufficiently clear indication that time. The accuracy of the location of the records was improving steadily over time until the present situation, in which each record can be very accurately georeferenced with the help of the expanded use of GPS.

However, the knowledge of their distribution within the Peruvian territory is still very incomplete books and consulted more widely used, field guides (Clements & Shany, 2001, Schulenberg et al., 2007), create the opposite impression, even if this is not his intention. The maps generally used are obtained plotting the locations where a species has been recorded, thus obtaining a map with a number of points in a geographic area of \u200b\u200bvariable size. By joining the boundary points, outline the contours based on the extent of habitat where the species is known or height above sea level curve, you get the general area of \u200b\u200bdistribution of the species. This area, usually represented without the points, it is widely assumed as a continuous range of the species. In reality, these areas include includes large areas where the presence of the species is alleged, unproven, and represent a major information gap. The number of points or locations used for the production of maps is very variable for different species. The density of points is usually also very variable according to areas that have been evaluated or which has reported a list of species. In fact, even for the most common species are numerous areas where its presence is assumed, with large areas without data within the continuous area of \u200b\u200bthe map.

Our knowledge of the distribution of our birds in the Peruvian territory is still quite incomplete.

have many individuals of each species in the Peruvian territory?

The information in relation to the size of the Peruvian bird populations is very low. The only population fully enumerated at the species level is the Junin Grebe. This has been possible due to the fact that it is a small town and found located in one lake. However, even though there have been several surveys in different years, controversy regarding the exact number of existing individuals. Estimates for all individuals of a species also exist for Guan, a species that also has a very limited distribution.

For other species the problem of knowing the population size is more complex due to their greater number and wider distribution. Major efforts have been made for species migration, thanks to international funding for this purpose. Second are non-migratory waterfowl. There is more easily to conduct censuses or estimates for localities as they are more visible and conspicuous. Estimates are primarily for major guano birds and among birds in freshwater environments, the Flemish is the working group. Get

estimates of terrestrial bird populations is more complex. Existing data generally refer to relative density in certain areas than the number of individuals in the population.

Some organizations give values \u200b\u200bthat are obtained by seeking the opinion of those people, professionals or not, who have greater expertise in the field. These values \u200b\u200bare subjective approaches, rough estimates, untested, which could be quite unrealistic. While it is the best thing is today for many species.

Other aspects

For other aspects such as behavior, reproduction, sensitivity to disturbación, etc., The knowledge we have are very basic. Even for important species being endangered and their populations are very accessible to be located on the coast, as is the case of the Peruvian Cortarrama not recently been found in a nest. This is only known by the description of him makes a naturalist For almost a century.

Programmi Hack Soul Silver

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INTRODUCTION

then present the analysis of technological Observatory, a space for teachers teaching resources offered by the portal of the Institute of Educational Technology of Spain, in: Educational Resources / additional / technological or http://observatorio.cnice.mec.es Observatory / which in addition to browse and explore its diverse uses a new language is possible to approach a series of reflections on new ways to access knowledge and the needs that we are still taking to achieve integrated processes.


When a breakdown of technological observatory technical dimension, Aesthetics Interactive, Educational and Ideological supported by the writings of Martin Gutierrez, Van Leeuwen, Habermas, and others that I will quote on, I stopped at what I consider to exalt its virtues and its shortcomings due to offer some suggestions.


In line with this, I dare say that within the main motivations that drive a teacher to attend to these resources is the interest to counteract the monotony of the classroom, as routine as any passing on both sides will fall by interest if alternatives are not injected to mobilize the pace.


In recent years teachers have taken over many catalytic resources promoting new scenarios of "literacy" demanded another way of saying things, various positions, "rules and requirements" (Gee, 2005), signs, etc. With this restructuring or reinvention of the teaching model, students are faced with a mixed picture where the voices of various authors involved and innovative methods that provide autonomy to choose what position to take according to the interests and skills, or better, build on these foundations own discourse.


"In the modern world no longer enough to be literate in print. People need to be literate in a variety of different semiotic fields ... However, the vast majority of areas involving semiotic resources (symbolic, representational) other than print and some do not even involve the printed word as a resource "(Gee, 2005).


Utilities, tutorials, manuals, workshops, software, educational experiences, among others, are part of the Technology Centre offers a variety of teachers, who must have advanced user level and much interest in using ICT in their classes. However, if a novice want to experience it is recommended that you take the time to review in detail the tools because in some cases a language is handled very technical, but well explained. It is a space without barriers and sought to capture a select audience, has an open door for any teacher who has a computer, network and time, join the group of users and become familiar with resources. "It's not the meaning, or consensual representation, which unites members of society, but common practices, procedures, gender." (Van Leeuwen, 1998)


As space Observatory integration and technological participation was designed with a very basic style. The main menu on the left, easy navigation, clear tones, direct access additional resources and a summary for each proposed tool, which I think is very appropriate. In welcoming the teachers site invites visitors to share their work and views demonstrating their openness to new themes and ideologies. This can be considered an appropriate setting of "communicative action" as it is enabled so that "the interaction of at least two subjects capable of speech and action (either verbal or media means extraverbal) engage in interpersonal relationships ". (Habermas, 1987)

ANALYSIS:

- Technical Dimension: The Technology Centre is an open space for teachers which promotes collaboration and Update through the use of ICT, is easily accessible, their blogs are well enrrutados and load quickly, has a simple interface, omit not know if the way is the home icon or home an item that is part of "generally accepted standards" (Gutiérrez, 1997) to replace use the logo (see Image) in the upper right to return to the top, which not everyone could see it coming.

- Aesthetic Dimension: Aesthetically provides a very basic look, its layout is flat, almost like a Word document, it is notable concern of the creators to provide more information and tools to attract visually and stay at that level. The truth is that the sources could be modified to make the texts more dynamic and closer to the subject of technology, it is preferable to reduce the use of "clip art" and replace the custom icons suggested resources. is a good CMS (Content Management System) but I think it could improve the graphics if you look more attractive design and light to the end user, it is a portal that talks about technology but has a basic outline of web (a top, side menus and content areas).

- Dimension Interactive: has a variety of options related to the topic and well explained tutorials. It has a site map which summarizes what is in each of the sections and provides direct access to them. It has a simple hypertext navigation (we can jump between the information) but I think it has some shortcomings solved as

1. Do not have a ¨ breadcrumbs ¨, or route through which the user can follow and see where sections have been entering and likewise returned.

2. As long as it presents content should be at the bottom of the documents the main menu for easy navigation and usability of the site or perhaps the left main menu to be dynamic and as a fellow low and thus do not lose it view, that is what usability, end user has the everywhere to supply options to visit more pages, because if not the bounce rate will increase. If a section is too long it could handle an index that is anchored to each title or section so it could get faster to the topic.

- Teaching Dimension: "People learn best with words and images than with words alone. This means that it is better to provide explanations "(Mayer, 2003). The Observatory technological content consists of text and additional images and / or explanation of the issues. They have a sheet for each resource, A definition of each item and explain step by step when necessary.

- ideological dimension: is a website that promotes collaborative learning, is aimed at teachers but not a rule, access is open to all, registration is required contact the system manager and fill out a form. Promotes participation and the use of free software. "The cyber includes all (obviously those are computer training and economic conditions of use), design-word-image, are mixed in a cultural body of the times ... the word - however-weighted new sense, coexists with other modes of expression "(Entel, 2005).

References

- ENTEL, Alicia. Devising. In Constellation Magazine. Walter Benjamin Foundation. Year II, No. 2, 2005.

- GEE, James P. (2005) What video games teach us about learning and literacy. Ed Aljibe: Malaga. Chap.2

- GUTIERREZ MARTIN, A. (1997). Educational multimedia and new technologies. Madrid: Ediciones de la Torre.

- Habermas, Jürgen (1987). Communicative Action. Tomo I. Editorial Taurus. Madrid. Spain.

- MAYER, R. and R. Clark (2003) E-Learning and the Science of Instruction. Proven Guidelines for Consumers and designers of multimedia learning. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass/Pfeiffer.

- VAN LEEUWEN, Theo (1998) scheduled heteroglossia: a critical analysis of a computer interface. In: Martín Rojo, Luisa and Whittaker, Rachel (eds.) Power-say or the power of speech. Editorial Arrecife Madrid.